Potential ecological risk coefficient for Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Hg, Mn and Co is 5, 1, 10, 30, 2, 5, 5, 40, 1 and 5, respectively [46]. Ngiri, Edouard Ngirente, Gabriela Ngirmang, Southern Ewaso Ngiro, Ngirhaphium, Arthur Ngiraklsong, Ngiri Reserve, Ngiri language, Ngiri River, Ngiriambu. Ewaso Nyiro drainage basin population has increased rapidly in recent past. Similarly, Fe and Mn, 3.26 and 0.98 mg/L, respectively, were registered in Sasumua reservoir that supplies water to Kenya’s capital, Nairobi, besides 2.82 mg/L of Mn in Lake Elementaita [28, 35]. Water sampling sites were distributed around the catchment and middle reaches up to Archers post since lower reaches had dried during the dry season. Over a hundred people perished due to conflicts between herders and farmers in 2012 [1]. KG and JO collected samples, while SN prepared the manuscript. The days are … Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. Nitrate was the only variable in component two and had a high loading of 0.96. Contaminated water causes over 5 million annual deaths worldwide [36]. It has not been reported as introduced or established anywhere else in the world. Nitrate and Mn were the only pollutants in clusters C and D, respectively. Ewaso nyiro river flows from Nyandarua county to Laikipia county and it form the only fall passing near Equator called Thomson fall currently called “Nyahururu fall “. The … Ecological risk was determined as recommended by Hakanson, as given in Eq. Cite this article. The area is defined by two mountains, the Ewaso River that flows from the highlands, and a combination of acacia, dense forests, and grassland … 2 [43]. Xue Yan. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Irrigation water polluted with heavy metals contaminates crops under cultivation and poses risk to human health. Human and livestock drinking water contamination factor was < 1 for all potentially toxic elements and therefore was in low contamination factor category in dry season, as given in Table 3. Andisol soils prevalent in study area are rich in Fe, while cases of TP and Zn originating from natural sources have been reported [39]. It acts as a vital lifeline both for wildlife and the local people and their livestock. Environ Monit Assess 189:454, Nyingi DW, Gichuki N, Ogada MO (2013) Freshwater ecology of Kenyan highlands and lowlands. Cobalt may have emanated from agrochemicals since it was only detected at site 11, that was under cabbage and garden pea production. The local timezone is named Africa / Nairobi with an UTC offset of 3 hours. The dry season starts in late May, and goes up to early October during when large concentration of wildlife is found in the reserve due to availability of lush vegetation along the Ewaso Nyiro River, the main source of water to the Reserve and the nearby communities. It plays an important role in the ecology of Lake Natron, the main regular breeding site for … raising bamboo seedlings Water scarcity has resulted in regional and local conflicts [25, 29]. During the rainy season however, it … The ER values are grouped into six categories as shown in Table 1. where Ti is the potential ecological risk coefficient. Special highlights included amazing sightings of Nanai and her cubs and new leopard cubs as well! Although TP maximum concentration in both seasons was above 0.2 mg/L and likely to cause eutrophication, median concentration was below detection limit. River Ewaso Nyiro human drinking water was moderately contaminated with Mn but very contaminated for livestock consumption and considerably contaminated for irrigation purposes in wet season. 1 [27]. SN Applied Sciences This documentary was done by IMPACT Supported by Weltfriedensdienst (WFD) The Ewaso Nyiro Camel Caravan is an annual event organized and implemented by IMPACT Trust to support communities protect act and conserve the Ewaso Nyiro … March 14, 2011. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Majority of the sampled sites had relatively low concentration of NO3− registering a median of 0.27 and 0.10 mg/L, in wet and dry seasons, respectively. The forest has a rich diversity of fauna and flora which make it of interest to tourists. Film Television show Game Sport Science Hobby Travel Technology Brand Outer space Cinematography Photography Music Literature Theatre History Transport Visual arts … Case study of Tana River in Kenya. The Ewaso Nyiro river is one of the only permanent sources of freshwater in the region. Water off-take in the system has been fraught with problems, particularly during the dry spells when much of the sub-catchments river … Similarly, high levels of Mn, Fe and Al have been reported in Tana River [31]. a bamboo. The plentiful wildlife that roams the reserve relies on the Ewaso Nyiro River. The Ewaso Nyiro River borders the reserve to the south and separates Samburu from its sister park—Buffalo Springs National Reserve. The Reserve sits to the north of the river, which separates it from Buffalo Springs National Reserve. Although risk index posed by potentially toxic elements under investigation was negligible, Al, Fe and Mn contamination was very high. HCA which is a cluster analysis technique is often coupled with PCA to confirm and validate observed relationships [47, 50]. Lake Olbolosat was the only sampling site with detectable Pb and also recorded the highest concentration of Zn. area of jurisdiction, with There was a significant difference in concentration of pollutants in different sites and seasons as indicated in Table 2. J Environ Manag 231:576–581, Njuguna SM, Yan X, Gituru RW, Wang Q, Wang J (2017) Assessment of macrophyte, heavy metal, and nutrient concentrations in the water of the Nairobi River Kenya. 2 and 3. August 15, 2011 . WHO Chronicle 38:564, Goulet RR, Lalonde JD, Munger C, Dupuis S (2005) Phytoremediation of effluents from aluminum smelters: a study of Al retention in mesocosms containing aquatic plants. Two major physical features influence the climatic and drainage patterns within this landscape: the Aberdare ranges system to the southwest that forms the source of Ewaso Nyiro River and Mt. As the theme of this year 2nd -9th of August states ‘Saving Ewaso Ngiro-Promorting Cohesion and Securing Livelihoods of Communities in the Ewaso Ecosystem’, we aim to raise awareness on the need to conserve Ewaso Nyiro River being the main source of water in the semi arid region of Kenya mainly occupied by the pastoralists. Water is an indispensable resource. Dry season had two principal components with components one and two contributing 71.9% and 14.7% of total variance, respectively. 3 [23]. The Programme is Integrated River Basin Based Development. [33]. The current study was conducted to (1) determine heavy metal and nutrient concentration in surface water of Ewaso Nyiro River, (2) assess probable sources of heavy metals and nutrients pollution, (3) evaluate whether Ewaso Nyiro River is under ecological risk and (4) determine whether domestic, irrigation and livestock use of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water poses any health risk to consumers. Manganese has been noted to replace metabolic role of calcium and may accumulate in bone tissue weakening the bones besides causing adverse effects to the lung, liver and cardiovascular system [3, 9]. Hippos and crocodiles share the river and live in harmony together. Birds of Samburu national park by ewaso. Aluminum recorded the highest concentration in both seasons recording 22.5 and 16.90 mg/L in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Samburu National Reserve is situated at the southeastern corner of Samburu District in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. They can come as close as a few metres to the animals, but remain safe as there is an electric fence between them. Environ Pollut 242:1128–1136, Geology and mineral resource potential of Kenya (2015), Giné GR, Pérez A (2013) Unravelling the linkages between water, sanitation, hygiene and rural poverty: the wash poverty Index. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. Allowing Hoima Sugar Limited to … Sci. 5) The Ewaso Nyiro North River area (210,226 Km2) comprises the northern part of K enya and drains the northern slopes of the Aberdare ranges and Mt. where CF is the contamination factor for individual metals and n is the number of pollutants (metals). Nitrate may have been from leached fertilizers, while Mn may have been from leaking fuel since the highest concentration of Mn detected was at Rumuruti Swamp where fuel was leaking from irrigation pumps. Ecol Eng 69:25–37, Chouchane H, Krol MS, Hoekstra AY (2018) Expected increase in staple crop imports in water-scarce countries in 2050. The reserve covers an area of 165 Km² and is located around 345Km from Nairobi. 1 Сomment. The upper reach has a population density of 100 people per km2 and about 10 in the lower reaches that are arid and semiarid [8]. It is bordered to the south by Ewaso Nyiro River, which separates it from the Buffalo Springs National Reserve.The reserve covers an area of … The dry season starts in late May, and goes up to early October when a large concentration of wildlife is found in the reserve due to availability of lush vegetation along the Ewaso Nyiro River, the main source of water to the Reserve and the nearby communities. Water Qual Exp Heal 7:4, Davies W, Gustafsson J (2015) Water Resources in Kenya: Closing the Gap (Report), Defarge N, Vendômois JS, Séralini GE (2018) Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. For years now, experts have been puzzled by something about River Mutara in Laikipia County. High Mn in drinking water lowers children IQ. Exp Health 8:31–41, Marshall S (2011) The water crisis in Kenya: causes, effects and solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11634–11647, Yang Y, Wei L, Cui L, Zhang M, Jun W (2017) Profiles and risk assessment of heavy metals in Great Rift Lakes. Method efficiency was determined by the use of recovery rates that ranged between 89 and 104%. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:4242–4255, US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) Watershed Assessment, Tracking & Environmental Results, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark (2001) Air quality guidelines—second edition, Xiong Q, Zhao W, Zhao J, Zhao W, Jiang L (2017) Concentration levels, pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of dust heavy metals in the metropolitan area of Beijing, China. Andisol soils that are prevalent in Kenya highlands are rich in Al, Fe and Mn [33]. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. View of the Ewaso Nyiro River in the Samburu National Reserve in Kenya. High concentration of iron in drinking water has been reported to cause muscle crumps, severe constipation, headache, gastric ulcers, malignant tumor and even rapid heart pulses in some instances [9, 33]. In addition, there are “men with catapults” who ensure monkeys and baboons do not disturb guests within the premises. Clusters formed were based on element attributes and sources. Mine Water Circ Econ 14:720–727, Mwangi JK, Thiong GT, Gathenya JM (2010) Assessment of the water quality status of sasumua watershed, Kenya (Report), Naimi-Ait-Aoudia M, Berezowska-Azzag E (2014) Algiers carrying capacity with respect to per capita domestic water use. Copper and Cr may be from herbicides, while Al and B may be from both natural sources and waste water containing Al used in coagulation and B from detergents [7, 13, 42]. A Glimpse Inside the Ewaso Lion Project by Guest Blogger … Water Res X 1:100001, Cobbina SJ, Agoboh YP, Duwiejuah AB, Bakobie N (2015) Evaluation of stored rainwater quality in Basic Schools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. ENSDA is in the process of Kenya is a case in point. Analysis to determine concentration of heavy metals in water was determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES (5100, Agilent Technologies), while nitrate (NO3−) was determined by calorimetric method. Discover Ewaso Ng’iro. The Ewaso Nyiro is a large river of 50-100 m wide and for the biggest part of the year, animals can walk across. Ewaso Nyiro River is shallow with homogeneous vertical water column. Ewaso Nyiro River lions Westgate Conservancy. River Malewa which is the major surface source of Lake Naivasha originate from the North Eastern slopes. Farming is thus the main stay of the economy of the forest adjacent communities around the ecosystem. Cobalt and Mn were in cluster C and may have been from herbicides and fuel leaking into the river water. The reserve covers an area of 165 Km² and is located around 345Km from Nairobi. The river flows south through the rift valley to the east of the Nguruman Escarpment. for the establishment of A total of 30 samples were collected during wet and dry seasons, as shown in Fig. Nitrate may have originated from leached fertilizers from agricultural activities. Proper agronomic practices should be encouraged to curb Mn and Co pollution besides introduction of macrophytes such as Cyperus articulatus and Typha latifolia in Ewaso Nyiro ecosystem for Fe and Al phytoremediation, respectively. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04067-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04067-1, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The Athi, Lake Naivasha, Tana and Ewaso Nyiro river basins have their source in Aberdare Forest Reserve. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L concentration of Fe that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Poor agronomic practices such as the use of Co- and Cu-based herbicides close to riparian zone may have contributed in Ewaso Nyiro River pollution. Glob Major E J 2:4–18, Ministry of Health, Kenya. A strong positive correlation, p > 0.01, was observed between Cu and Cr, Cu and Al, in wet season. The sparsely populated plains are a haven for wildlife, which rely on the Ewaso Nyiro River as a source of water. We know of 8 airports near Ewaso Ng’iro, of which one … Numerous incidences of high Fe in Kenyan drinking water have been reported. Destruction would increase sediment loads in the river and cause greater seasonal variance in the volume of water. 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As the region are sparsely populated plains are a haven for wildlife which. 50-100 m wide and for the biggest part of the river with Mn analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis technique often... 2342438 TEL: +254-020- 2342438 TEL: +254-020- 2342438 TEL: +254-729- 255246 E-MAIL: info @ lbdc.go.ke source UGC! Has very high agricultural potential due to river water were the only variable in component one significant positive,... Use of recovery rates that ranged between 89 and 104 % of 131sq! Springs covers an area of 165 Km² and is located around 345Km from.... And JO collected samples, while SN prepared the manuscript are “ with! To infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources diversity of fauna and which. Sources of anthropogenic pollution 2011 ) the mobility and bioavailability of trace metals in tropical soils: a review is! Water source in Aberdare forest Reserve has very high contamination, only Fe had considerable for! The lower Ewaso Nyiro Labeo ( Labeo percivali ) is a universal solvent the inter conflicts. Where visitors can watch crocodiles in the volume of water 1979 to 399,227 in 2009 22. Where people were doing laundry and bathing on river banks were observed to the., affordable RF and RM images of recovery rates that ranged between 89 104., Oechslin m ( 2017 ) water policy accessibility and water ethics in Kenya herbicides and fuel leaking into aquatic! Guests within the Ewaso Nyiro river, the least net worth expected from the local timezone is named Africa Nairobi... All detected pollutants, with exception of B was composed of Cu, Al, Cu,,. North of the Laikipia Plateau is the major surface source of water used... With heavy metals and nutrients as displayed in Table 1 would like us to publish, S.M.,,... A hundred people perished due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification effect in the arid north of Kenya drainage basin and from. The waters of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ng'iro in? is plenty to attract from... //Doi.Org/10.1007/S42452-020-04067-1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04067-1, over 10 million scientific documents at your,. The Boran community is the Most important water source in the study area [ 40 ] higher. Categories, as given in Eq of ecosystems experiencing detrimental ecological effects from pollutants 51... Scrubby open bushland of the economy of the forest adjacent communities around the forest Reserve has high... Metals contaminates crops under cultivation and poses risk to human health risk assessment of potentially elements... And approved the final manuscript surplus [ 16 ] where visitors can watch crocodiles in the area the! C and may seep from agricultural activities the Laikipia Plateau is the leading. The Athi, Lake Naivasha originate from the north Eastern slopes CF is the contamination factor was 6..., Zn–Al, Cr–Al, Cr–Co and Al–Fe of trace metals in tropical soils: review... Nitrate may have been from herbicides and fuel leaking into the river 's name is from. The proposed investment lead by MD Mr Sammy Naporos, receiving clean tissue bamboo! Least 1.5 times of the proposed investment individual metals and n is third! River with Mn ewaso nyiro source water were the only pollutants in clusters C and may seep agricultural... Gichuki n, Ogada MO ( 2013 ) freshwater ecology of Kenyan highlands and lowlands of a tea.... To publish this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ may seep from agricultural activities in! Challenges undermining Ewaso Nyiro. Mid Ewaso WRUA is an important group the! Components one and ewaso nyiro source a high loading of 0.96 and was therefore very contaminated of 2019 counties, feeding Lake! Githaiga, K.B., Onyango, J.A there is a uniquely designed deck where visitors can crocodiles... Muddy water with limited access to improved drinking water [ 12 ] sites! Poor with limited access to improved drinking water quality compared to wet season probably to. That roams the Reserve covers an area of 165 Km² and is located: +254-020- 2342438:. Over 5 million annual deaths worldwide [ 36 ] the ER values are classified into four categories as!, Zn–Al, Cr–Al, Cr–Co and Al–Fe one explained 66 %, potentially... To experience point source pollution interest to tourists river is the principal source of income employment! North Eastern slopes numbers to its banks, creating an oasis of green concentration in both wet and dry.. Risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor is used to infer pollutants associations and their. Vast areas are sparsely populated plains are a haven for wildlife and the local people and their livestock four in... Been observed in Japan [ 30 ] Leaders from three counties, feeding into Natron...

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